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Tigris and Euphrates Contributing Factors

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The Tigris and Euphrates River Basin


 

Problem Overview

 

      The issue most pressing in the Tigris Euphrates River Basin is that of water management. It is an issue that is exacerbated by the arid climate’s tendency for droughts, and the lack of political agreement between the three nations. This background overview will cover the history of this area, the political climate, water usage and the actual climate that all must be understood to tackle the water scarcity that plagues this area.

 


 

Next ->

Setting the Scene ->

 

Navigation of Factors 
1. Setting the Scene 4. Policy Framework and Decisions
2. Climate Change and Drought 5. Conclusion and Summary of Problem
3. Agricultural Water Utilization 6. Contributing Factors

 

 

 

 


References

 

Akanda, A., Freeman, S., and Placht, M. (2007). The Tigris-Euphrates river Basin: Mediating a Path Towards Regional Water Stability. The Fletcher School Journal for issues related to Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilization,Spring 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2011, from http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Al-Nakhlah/Archives/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/al%20Nakhlah/archives/2007/placht-2.ashx 

 

Birch, N. (2007, September16). Turkey: droughtraisesconcernaboutapossibleenvironmentalcatastrophe. Retrievedfromhttp://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav091707a.shtml

 

Bulloch, John and Darwish, Adel, Water Wars: Coming Conflicts in the Middle East (London: Victor Gollancz, 1993), pp. 61-62; and Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, "On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict," International Security, vol. 16, no. 2 (Fall 1991), p. 108 as cited in Baghat, "High Policy," p. 22. Gresh, "Turkish-Isreli-Syrian Relations," p. 196 offers different figures -- 50 and 67% for Syria and Iraq, respectively.

 

Cullen, H.M, & deMenocal, Peter B. (1999). North atlantic influence on tigris-euphrates stream flow.. Manuscript submitted for publication, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. Retrieved from http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu/papers/IJC_NAOfinal.pdf

 

Demir, H., Ozdogan M., Salvucci, G., Woodcock, C. (2006). Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources. Water Resources Management, 20, 467-488. Doi: 10.1007/s11296-006-3087-0

 

Demirbas, A., Sahin-Demirbas, A., & Demirbas, A. H. (2004). Turkey’s natural gas, hydropower, and geothermal energy policies. Energy Sources, 24, 237-248. DOI: 10.1080/00908310490256590

 

Euphrates. Retrived September 11, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates

 

Onol, B. & Semazzi, F. (2009). Regionalization of climate change simulations over the eastern mediterranean. Journal of Climate, 22(8), 1944-1961. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?sid=9758d995-9cb8-4d0e-b918-8ce92341544e%40sessionmgr110&vid=7&hid=102&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=39361855

 

Ozdogan, M., Woodcock, C. E., Salvucci, G. D., & Demir, H. (2006). Changes in summer irrigated crop area and water use in southeastern turkey from 1993 to 2002: implications for current and future water resources. Water Resources Management, 20, 467-488. DOI: 10.1007/s11269-006-3087-0

 

Politics of Iraq. Retrieved September 18, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq

 

Politics of Syria. Retrieved September 18, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Syria

 

Politics of Turkey. Retrieved September 18, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey

 

Reed, C.(2005). Paradise Lost? What should-or can-be done about “the environmental crime of the century?” Harvard Magazine, 1-8. RetrievedSeptember 7, 2011, fromhttp://harvardmagazine.com/2005/01/paradise-lost.html

 

Robertson, Campbell. (2009, July 13). "Iraq suffers as the Euphrates River dwindles". New York Times, p. A1. . Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/14/world/middleeast/14euphrates.html

 

Salman, M. (2002). “Case Study on Irrigation Modernization of Old Alyarmook Project in Syria”. Study Report. IPTRID, FAO, Rome, Italy.

          

Salman, M., Burton, M., and Dakar, E. (1999). “Improved Irrigation Water Management, or Drainage Water Reuse: A Case Study from the Euphrates Basin in Syria”. Proceedings of the 2nd Inter-Regional on Environment-Water. Lausanne, Switzerland, September 1999.

 

Salman, M. and Mualla, W., 2003. The Utilization of Water Resources for Agriculture in Syria: Analysis of Current Situation and Future Challenges. Food and Agriculture Organization – Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform of the Syrian Arab Republic FAO-MAAR, Rome. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/iptrid/conf_italy_03.pdf 

 

TEA¸ S, Turkish Electricity Generation and Transmission Company (Turkish initials “TEA¸ S”). 1999. Electricity Generation transmission statistics of Turkey. APK-377, Ankara, Turkey.

 

Tigris. Retrieved September 5, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris

 

U¨ nver, O. I. H., 1997, ‘Southeastern Anatolian Project (GAP)’, Water Resour. Dev. 13, 453–483. Wiegand, C. L., Everitt, J. H., and Richardson, A. J., 1992, ‘Comparison of multispectral video and SPOT-1 HRV observations for cotton affected by soil salinity’, Int. J. Rem. Sen. 13, 1511–1525.  Retrieved from www.digitalcommons.unl.edu

 

National Agricultural Policy Center, Syrian Agricultural Database (2006), available at <http://

www.napcsyr.org/sadb.htm>.

 

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